Hormones and Cancer: Exploring the Gender Gap in Thyroid and Breast Cancer with Insights from Dr Jessica Wong
Surgical oncology is a specialised field of medicine focused on the surgical treatment of cancers, aiming to remove tumours and cancerous tissues while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible. In Australia, surgical oncology plays a critical role in treating common cancers such as breast, thyroid, colorectal, and melanoma, among others. With advancements in technology and multidisciplinary approaches, the integration of surgery with other treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and hormonal therapy has led to improved patient outcomes.
This article highlights the gender disparities in thyroid and breast cancer, both of which are more commonly diagnosed in women in Australia. Drawing on expert insights from Dr Jessica Wong, a Surgical Oncologist at St Vincent's Clinic.
Understanding the Gender Disparity in Thyroid Cancer and the Role of Surgery in Women’s Cancer Care
Thyroid cancer continues to show a higher prevalence among women in Australia, with no definitive biological explanation. While family history and radiation exposure are recognised as key risk factors, they don’t fully account for why women are three times more likely to be diagnosed than men.
According to Dr Jessica Wong, Surgical Oncologist at St Vincent’s Clinic, “There is ongoing research into the potential role that hormones like oestrogen play in making women more susceptible to thyroid cancer. However, no clear biological mechanism has been identified yet.”
Why Thyroid Cancer Is More Common in Women
In Australia, thyroid cancer has consistently been diagnosed more frequently in women, particularly those aged 20 to 60. While hormonal influences are strongly suspected, more research is needed to fully understand this gender disparity. Dr Wong notes, “It’s important for women to be aware of the symptoms of thyroid cancer, especially given how treatable the condition is when caught early.”
Key Signs Women Should Watch For
Women should be vigilant about the early signs of thyroid cancer to increase the chances of early detection and successful treatment. Dr Wong explains, “If you notice a lump in your neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, swollen lymph nodes, or any unexplained changes in your voice, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional as soon as possible.” These symptoms could be early indicators of thyroid cancer and warrant further medical investigation.
Breast Cancer Surgery and Hormonal Therapies: What Women Need to Know
Breast cancer remains the most common cancer among women in Australia, and surgery often intersects with hormonal therapies. Many women who undergo surgery for hormone-sensitive breast cancer may require additional hormone therapy to prevent recurrence.
Dr Wong highlights, “Hormonal therapy is tailored to each individual case. Depending on the type of breast cancer, some women may benefit from treatments that block oestrogen production or its effects on cancer cells. The goal is to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back.”
However, hormonal therapies are not without side effects, which can vary depending on the drug used and the length of treatment. Common side effects include hot flushes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. “While hormone therapy can be very effective, we carefully balance the benefits and potential side effects for each patient. It’s always a conversation between the patient and their healthcare team,” says Dr Wong.
The Impact of Adrenal Tumours on Hormonal Health in Women
Functional adrenal tumours, which produce abnormal amounts of hormones, can significantly affect women’s health, particularly in conditions like Cushing’s syndrome. “Cushing’s syndrome occurs when a tumour produces too much cortisol, leading to a range of symptoms including weight gain, hypertension, and diabetes,” Dr Wong explains.
Adrenal tumours differ from conditions like Addison’s disease, which is caused by adrenal insufficiency. “Addison’s disease isn’t linked to adrenal tumours but rather a lack of hormone production, requiring long-term hormone replacement therapy,” she adds.
Surgical Oncology in Australia: A Crucial Aspect of Women’s Cancer Care
Surgical oncology is at the forefront of cancer treatment in Australia, with surgery being a key intervention in the management of cancers such as thyroid, breast, and adrenal tumours. “In most cases, surgery is just one part of a multidisciplinary approach to cancer care,” says Dr Wong. “Whether it’s removing a thyroid nodule or performing a mastectomy, surgery often sets the stage for further treatments like hormonal therapy or chemotherapy.”
In Australia, thyroid cancer survival rates for women reach 98%, while the five-year survival rate for breast cancer stands at 91%. Dr Wong attributes these high survival rates to advances in early detection, surgical techniques, and complementary treatments like hormone therapy.
“Early detection and a tailored treatment plan are critical. Women should prioritise regular screenings and seek medical advice if they experience any symptoms that concern them,” concludes Dr Wong.
With ongoing research into how hormones affect cancer risk and progression, Australian women have access to world-class treatment options, offering hope for better outcomes and improved quality of life.